In just a few years, graphene has become one of the most actively studied subjects in condensed matter physics and nanotechnology, owing to a host of appealing properties and potential applications of graphene. Furthermore, it is now appreciated that graphene is just one member of a much larger family of 2D atomic layered crystals (including many semimetals/semiconductors, conventional/topological insulators, and conventional/high-Tc superconductors), a rapidly emerging new field of research promising even richer physics and applications beyond those of graphene. These van der Waals coupled 2D materials can be used as “building blocks” to form almost infinite possibilities of novel artificial materials and structures that cannot be found naturally nor grown by traditional methods. In this talk, I will describe several recent experimental examples on graphene and various other 2D materials and their planar or stacked heterostructures, and discuss the potential for such studies to bring new insights on quantum Hall effects, superconductivity, and even new states of quantum matter such as excitonic condensates.